Foreign Exchange (Forex) Market

Presently, there are various kinds of financial market, it is divided into: Stock market, interest market (including bond, commercial bill and so on), gold market (including gold, platinum, silver), futures market (including grain, cotton and kapok, oil and so on), option market and foreign exchange market or forex market and so on.

The foreign exchange market is a place to trade foreign exchange currency, or it is also a place for the transaction of all foreign currency. The foreign exchange market therefore is existence, because of:

Trade and investment
Import and export business, people pays one kind of currency when doing business, but when earns another kind of currency when receive the commodity. This means that, when settling account, business people will pay and receive different currencies. Therefore, they must convert the currencies that they received into the currencies that they could buy commodities. With this similar, when buying a foreign property a company must use the concerned country's currency to make payment, therefore, it needs to convert the domestic currency is concerned country's currency.

Speculation
Currencies exchange rates could fluctuate according to the demand and supply between two currencies. A Forex trader buys up one kind of currency in an exchange rate, but up casts this currency in another more advantageous exchange rate, he may gain. Speculation has occupied most of the Forex market.

Hedging
Due to the fluctuation between two currencies, those companies who owns foreign asset (for example factory), when these companies convert these properties into cost country currencies, there consist of certain risks. When the value of a foreign asset which is estimated based on foreign currencies remained unchanged, if the exchange rate changes, when converting this property value according to the domestic currency, there could be profit and loss. The company may eliminate such hidden risk through hedging. This carries out a foreign currency trading, its transaction result just counterbalances the foreign currency property profit and loss which produces by the exchange rate change.

Forex Market Development
The history of the Forex market as an international capital speculation market is much shorter compared the stock, the gold, the stock, the interest market, but it is developing in an astonishing speed. Today, the foreign exchange market daily trading volume has amounted to 150 billion US dollars, it’s scale has gone far beyond the stock, the stock and other finance commodity markets, it has became the world's most biggest sole finance market and the also the speculation market. Since the birth of the foreign exchange market, the fluctuation of the exchange rate of the Forex market is becoming bigger. In September 1985, 1 US dollar exchanged 220 Japanese Yen, but in May 1986, 1 US dollar only could exchange 160 Japanese Yen, in 8 months, the Japanese Yen has revalued 27%. In recent years, the foreign exchange market wave amplitude has been bigger, on September 8, 1992, 1 pound exchanged 2.0100 US dollars, on November 10, 1 pound exchanged 1.5080 US dollars, in the short two months, the pound exchanged US dollar exchange rate to fall more than 5,000, depreciated 25%. Not only that, presently, everyday the fluctuation of the exchange rate of the Forex market enlarges unceasingly, within a day the rise and drop 2% to 3% is commonly seen. On September 16, 1992, the pound exchanged US dollar from 1.8755 to fall to 1.7850, the pound on first lowers 5%.

Due to the large fluctuation of the Forex market, it has created more opportunities for the investor, attracted more and more investors to join this ranks.

Foreign Margin Markets

Comparing to other investment, the Foreign Exchange margin trading is one of the fairest and the most attractive investment method. The Foreign Exchange margin trading meaning the traders borrow loan from bank, finance organization or broker house to carry on the foreign currency trading. Generally, the financing proportion is above 20 times, which means the Forex traders’ fund may enlarge to 20 times to carry on the trading. The bigger the financing proportion, means the Forex traders just need to pay very less fund, for example, the financing proportion provided by the financial organization is 400 times, namely the lowest margin request is 0.25%, the traders just need to pay 25 US dollars, then he or she could trade as high as 10,000 US dollars, fully using the contra method to make big profit by only paying a very less price. Besides the fund enlargement, another attraction of the Forex margin trading method is that it can be traded in both ways, you can make profit by buying the currency when the currency rise (makes many), or to sell a currency when the currency is dropping to make profit (short-selling), thus does not need to be restricted by the restriction so-called bear market is unable to make money. Making Profit in the Foreign Exchange Market The currency fluctuate continuously due to reasons such as political, economical reasons, sometimes the changes could be extremely great, therefore, the Forex traders also can have the opportunity in among which makes a profit. For example, the Japanese Yen daily fluctuation is probably between 0.7% to 1.5%, Forex traders may make profit through buying and selling. All trading could be completed in a short time, the trading strategy could be carry up according to the market conditions, it is extremely flexible, even if the direction looks wrong, the lost could be stop immediately, the lost could reduce but profit potential is still great. Therefore, the Foreign Exchange margin trading is the most flexible and the most reliable investment method. Foreign Exchange Margin Trading elementary knowledge
Currency name	Commonly used currency code
Singapore dollar Thai Bath Swedish krona Danish Krone Norwegian krone Spanish peseta German Mark US dollar Euro Japanese Yen Pound Swiss franc Australian dollar New Zealand Yuan Canadian dollar Hong Kong dollar French franc Italian lira Belgian franc	SGD THB SEK DKK NOK ESP DEM USD EUR JPY GBP CHF AUD NZD CAD HKD FRF ITL BEF

Introduction to Foreign Exchange Markets

Being the main force driving the global economic market, currency is no doubt an essential element for a country. However, in order for all the countries with different currencies to trade with one another, a system of exchange rate between their currencies is needed; this system, is formally known as foreign exchange or currency exchange.

In the early days, the system of currency exchange is supported solely by the gold amount held in the vault of a country. However, this system is no longer appropriate now due to inflation and hence, the value of one’s currency nowadays is determined through the market forces alone. In order to determine the value of a currency’s exchange rate, two main types of system is used which is floating currency and pegged currency.

For floating exchange rate, its value is determined by the supply and demand of the global market where the supply and demand is bound by all these factors such as foreign investment, inflation and ratios of import and export. Normally, this system is adopted by most of the advance countries like for example UK, US and Canada. All of these countries have a similarity where their market is well developed and stable in economic terms. These countries choose to practice this system due to the reason where floating exchange rate is proven to be much more efficient compared to the pegged exchange rate. The reason behind this is because for floating exchange rate, the market itself will re-adjust the exchange rate real-time in order to portray the actual inflation and other economic forces. However, every system has its own flaw and so does the floating exchange rate system. For instance, if a country suffers from economic instability due to various reasons such as political issues, a floating exchange rate system will certainly discourage investment due to the high risk of suffering from inflationary disaster or sudden slump in exchange rate.

Another form of exchange rate is known as pegged exchange rate. This is a system where the value of the exchange rate is fixed by the government of a country and not the supply and demand of the market. This system is called pegged exchange rate because the value of a country’s currency is fixed to another country’s currency. As a result, the value of the pegged currency will not fluctuate unlike the floating currency. The working principle behind this system is slightly complicated where the government of a country will fixed the exchange rate of their currency and when there is a demand for a certain currency resulting a rise in the exchange rate, the government will have to release enough of that currency into the market in order to meet that demand. However, there is a fatal flaw in this system where if the pegged exchange rate is not controlled properly, panics may arise within the country and as a result of that, people will be rushing to exchange their money into a more stable currency. When that happens, the sudden overflow of that country’s currency into the market will decrease the value of their exchange rate and in the end, their currency will be worthless. Due to this reason, only those under-developed or developing countries will practice this method as a form to control the inflation rate.

However, the truth is, most of the countries do not fully practice the floating exchange rate or the pegged exchange rate method in reality. Instead, they use a hybrid system known as floating peg. Floating peg is the combination of the two main systems where one country will normally fixed their exchange rate to the US Dollars and after that, they will constantly review their peg rate in order to stay in line with the actual market value.

The Foreign exchange market, or commonly known as FOREX, is the largest and most prolific financial market because each day, more than 1 trillion worth of currency exchange takes place between investors, speculators and countries. From this, we can deduce that the actual mechanism behind the world of foreign exchange is far more complicated than what we may already know, and that, the information mentioned earlier is just the tip of an iceberg.

Bullion Rates (Gold Prices)

Metal	Symbol	PKR for 10 Gm	PKR for 1 Tola	PKR for 1 Ounce
Gold 24K	XAU	23,674	27,585	73,637
Palladium	XPD	6,228	7,257	19,373
Platinum	XPT	29,733	34,644	92,483
Silver	XAG	362	422	1,126

Central Banks (Governing Banking Organizations)

Find the central banks or the governing banking organizations around the world.

Afghanistan	Central Bank of Afghanistan
Albania	Bank of Albania
Algeria	Bank of Algeria
Argentina	Banco Central de la Republica Argentina
Australia	Reserve Bank of Australia
Bahamas	Central Bank of The Bahamas
Bahrain	Bahrain Monetary Agency
Bangladesh	Bangladesh Bank
Barbados	Central Bank of Barbados
Bermuda	Bermuda Monetary Authority
Brazil	Banco Central do Brasil
Bulgaria	Bulgarian National Bank
Canada	Bank of Canada
Chile	Banco Central de Chile
China	The People's Bank of China
Colombia	Banco de la Republica
Costa Rica	Banco Central de Costa Rica
Czech Republic	Ceska Narodni Banka
Denmark	Danmarks Nationalbank
Dominican Republic	Banco Central de la Republica Dominicana
Eastern Caribbean States	The Eastern Caribbean Central Bank
Egypt	Central Bank of Egypt
Estonia	Eesti Pank
Fiji	Reserve Bank of Fiji
French Polynesia	Banque de France
Hong Kong	Hong Kong Monetary Authority
Hungary	National Bank of Hungary
Iceland	Central Bank of Iceland
India	Reserve Bank of India
Indonesia	Bank Indonesia
Iran	The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Iraq	Central Bank Of Iraq
Israel	Bank of Israel
Jamaica	Bank of Jamaica
Japan	Bank of Japan
Jordan	Central Bank of Jordan
Kenya	Central Bank of Kenya
Kuwait	Central Bank of Kuwait
Lebanon	Banque du Liban
Malaysia	Bank Negara Malaysia
Mauritius	Bank of Mauritius
Mexico	Banco de Mexico
Morocco	Bank Al-Maghrib
New Zealand	Reserve Bank of New Zealand
Norway	Norges Bank
Oman	Central Bank of Oman
Pakistan	State Bank of Pakistan
Peru	Banco Central de Reserva del Peru
Philippines	Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
Poland	National Bank of Poland
Qatar	Qatar Central Bank
Romania	National Bank of Romania
Russian Federation	Central Bank of Russia
Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency
Singapore	Monetary Authority of Singapore
Slovakia	National Bank of Slovakia
South Africa	South African Reserve Bank
South Korea	Central bank of South Korea
Sri Lanka	Central Bank of Sri Lanka
State of Croatia	Croatian National Bank
Sudan	Bank of Sudan
Sweden	Sveriges Riksbank
Switzerland	Schweizerische Nationalbank
Taiwan	Bank Of Taiwan
Thailand	Bank of Thailand
Trinidad & Tobago	Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia	Banque Centrale de Tunisie
Turkey	T�rkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankasi
United Arab Emirates	Central Bank of United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom	Bank of England
United States of America	Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Washington)
Venezuela	Banco Central de Venezuela
Vietnam	State Bank of Vietnam
Zambia	Bank of Zambia